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Betham, Stuart Mill, Kant, Rawls e Aristóteles, bem como diversos outros filósofos brilhantemente esmiuçados por Sandel. Um curso sobre humanidade. Um livro para se embebedar... E já sinto os primeiros sintomas da ressaca.

i bs my way through this for school lmao

Excellent, very accessible book

I really enjoyed the examples the author gave - from Baby M, to the market for organs, to abortion. I found the book was the most engaging when discussing philosophical approaches to these very real legal and moral questions today. Not a perfect 5/5 because there were long sections of the book (particularly the section on Kant) where a philosophy was discussed in depth but then never really applied to an interesting example. This made it hard to really understand the implications of that philosophy.

Hoewel het niet eenvoudig is uit te leggen wat rechtvaardigheid is, bewijst de Amerikaanse filosoof Michael Sandel zijn lezers in Justice. What’s the right thing to do? (2010) een dienst door structuur aan te brengen in de grote vragen en zijn betoog te larderen met (hypothetische) cases. Een jaar of tien geleden was het boek in een aantal opzichten een eyeopener voor me; het lezen van [b:Supreme Inequality|46184066|Supreme Inequality The Supreme Court's Fifty-Year Battle for a More Unjust America|Adam Cohen|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1562768912l/46184066._SY75_.jpg|71147350] van Adam Cohen inspireerde me om het er nogmaals bij te pakken.

Sandel begint zijn ‘zoektocht naar morele en politieke reflectie’ met tot de verbeelding sprekende vragen. Is het rechtvaardig om te verdienen aan een ramp? Om een directeur honderden keren meer te laten verdienen dan zijn werknemers? Om bonussen uit te keren na een financiële crisis? Om tot een antwoord te komen, kijkt Sandel naar drie benaderingen van rechtvaardigheid: welvaart, vrijheid en deugd.

Het is duidelijk dat Sandel ervaring opdeed met het geven van hoorcollege. Hij begint met de leerstukken waarvan hij weet dat zijn lezers ze onwaarschijnlijk zullen vinden, om zijn betoog vandaaruit langzaam af te pellen tot hij bij zijn punt komt. Het utilitarisme is zijn eerste ‘slachtoffer’. Sandel maakt handig gebruik van het op het maximaliseren van nut gerichte leerstuk om de critici daartegen af te zetten. Dat begint met de nadruk die John Stuart Mill in [b:On Liberty|45134369|On Liberty|John Stuart Mill|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1555338722l/45134369._SY75_.jpg|2387235] op individuele vrijheid legde, gevolgd door het libertarisme van Hayek en Friedman, dat overheidsbemoeienis in de vorm van paternalisme, morele wetgeving of herverdeling verfoeit. Tussen de regels door is te lezen waar Sandel heen wil. Zo noemt hij terloops de corrumperende werking van de markt en het belang van respect, een onderwerp waarover hij twee jaar later uitweidt in [b:What Money Can't Buy|18081132|What Money Can't Buy The Moral Limits of Markets|Michael J. Sandel|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1371481350l/18081132._SY75_.jpg|18408302].

Een hoogtepunt van het boek is de glasheldere uiteenzetting van het werk van Immanuel Kant, dat op zichzelf allerminst makkelijk te begrijpen is. Sandel legt stap voor stap uit hoe vrij handelen bij Kant samenvalt met moreel of categorisch handelen. Intentie is allesbepalend: een mens handelt pas vrij – ook wel: autonoom – wanneer hij zich niet laat leiden door natuurlijke driften of sociale conventie: to act freely is not to choose the best means to a given end; it is to choose the end itself, for its own sake. Alleen als iemand handelt om het handelen zelf, en niet om daarmee iets anders te bereiken, is er sprake van autonoom en categorisch handelen.

Na Kant volgt John Rawls, waarna Sandel zijn kans schoon ziet en met een voorzet van Aristoteles het communitarisme op doel laat schieten. De kritiek die Sandel op welvaart en vrijheid als benadering van rechtvaardigheid levert is grotendeels terecht. Het belang dat mensen hechten om in een groep of gemeenschap te horen, een gevoel van zingeving te hebben en in een groter verhaal thuis te horen is ten onrechte lang verwaarloosd in de politiek. Volgens Sandel is het Barack Obama geweest die zulke zaken weer terugbracht in het politiek debat. Tegelijkertijd doet het betoog ook fronsen: met een pessimistischere blik kan de deugd als benadering voor rechtvaardigheid immers ook een instrument zijn om de gevestigde orde te beschermen. Uiteindelijk is het Sandel er echter om te doen duidelijk te maken dat ongelijkheid in de samenleving de solidariteit ondermijnt die nodig is voor democratisch burgerschap. Om de erosie van het publieke domein tegen te gaan pleit hij voor meer morele betrokkenheid bij de politiek, juist ook als dat leidt tot meer publiek debat.

[…] questions of justice are bound up with competing notions of honor and virtue, pride and recognition. Justice is not only about the right way to distribute things. It is also about the right way to value things.

My rating is probably a little unkind. If you’re new to moral philosophy, this is a good grounding in the subject. But if not, the theory and examples might feel a little overdone and overused.

2.5 stars.

I stumbled upon [b:The Trolley Problem|17740627|The Trolley Problem, or Would You Throw the Fat Guy Off the Bridge? A Philosophical Conundrum|Thomas Cathcart|https://d.gr-assets.com/books/1404580658s/17740627.jpg|24823361] by [a:Thomas Cathcart|105509|Thomas Cathcart|https://d.gr-assets.com/authors/1204922953p2/105509.jpg] by chance, and it was a wonderful layman book on moral/justice dilemma.

Then it came to me, so what is right or wrong? I browsed and searched, read reviews and summaries, and I picked two books - [b:The Righteous Mind|11324722|The Righteous Mind Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion|Jonathan Haidt|https://d.gr-assets.com/books/1351393217s/11324722.jpg|16252969] by [a:Jonathan Haidt|55727|Jonathan Haidt|https://d.gr-assets.com/authors/1342196691p2/55727.jpg] and this one, [b:Justice|6452731|Justice What's the Right Thing to Do?|Michael J. Sandel|https://d.gr-assets.com/books/1441517195s/6452731.jpg|6642936] by [a:Michael Sandel|90763|Michael J. Sandel|https://d.gr-assets.com/authors/1288369619p2/90763.jpg].

I read Haidt's Righteous Mind first, then this book. It was inevitable that I would compare, although the topics aren't exactly the same.

Righteous Mind talks about morality, what it means, what it constitutes, how we humans have it. Justice, it turns out, is a subset of morality. Being moral covers several 'modules', such as not hurting others, being fair, not being oppressed. (There are 6 of those modules, I'm not going to list all of them.) The latter 2 modules are part of justice.

Sandel's Justice talks about, as the title of the book says, what's the right thing to do. He dives into various views of justice, including libertarianism, utilitarianism, Kantian, Aristotle, and some others that I can't really remember. For every view, he gave a case study. The book is full of these case studies, which I love. Is it fair that the Purple Heart is awarded to physically-injured soldiers only, and not those with post-war trauma? Should a contract be honoured if it's unjust? How would you even say a contract is unjust? Can the US pay foreigners to serve the military, as mercenary army? Is racial quota fair for university admission? And a lot more even more interesting, intriguing questions.

A lot of things, we kind of take it as given. But Sandel expands the scope and ask the reader, why it is acceptable to do one thing and not the other, when it is actually the same? I found it very thought-provoking.

But what I would say this book lacks from Haidt's Righteous Mind is coherence, continuity, fluidity from a concept to the other. It feels like a collage, or a collection of articles.

And the most disappointing thing is, he didn't really answer the question on the book title. Haidt did answer the question, "Why good people are divided by politics and religion?" and I was expecting an answer as well from this book. Unfortunately, to be fair to Sandel, his question is not answerable. There is no definitive answer for, "What's the right thing to do?" All he can do is to provoke thought, and he did it very well. The question is neverending and boundless. Anyone can ask any question on any case study on what is the right thing to do. Sandel's lecture series will never be able to answer everything. But this book summarizes the general views and let us know the painful truth that there will not be a universal justice.

Damn what a phenomenal book. Sandel does just… such a fantastic job at leading you with ease through complex and thought-provoking subjects, outlining their strengths and weaknesses when it comes to modern justice. Despite the content matter… possibly being quite dry, Sandel manages to infuse just the right amount of humor, and his conversational tone takes away any anxiety you have about not understanding. Only in the second to last chapter does Sandel not achieve this ease of explanation, and even then at the end of the chapter he gets it back.

In addition, the last chapter, truly, is one of the most inspiring pieces of writing of read for modern politics. His predictions from 2009 for where our politics are headed are disheartening and eerie. But there is also a lot of hope there - the moral Left that he’s essentially arguing for is gaining momentum. And that’s where I feel inspired by this work - we CAN argue a moral Left position and be right, and it is a viable and powerful way forward. Hope we can do ya proud Mikey.

"The way things are does not determine the way they ought to be."

"The idea that persons should be free to choose their ends for themselves is itself a powerful moral idea. But it does not tell you how to live your life. It only requires that, whatever ends you pursue, you do so in a way that respects other people's rights to do the same. The appeal of a neutral framework lies precisely in its refusal to affirm a preferred way of life or conception of the good."

"Egalitarian liberals favor civil liberties and basic social and economic rights--rights to health care, education, employment, income security, and so on. They argue that enabling individuals to pursue their own ends requires that government ensure the material conditions of truly free choice."

"Human beings are storytelling beings. We live our lives as narrative quests."