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bir felsefeci hakkında biyografi yazıyorsanız kitabın karakteriyle ilgili daha her şeyin başında yüzleşmeniz gereken bir problem ortaya çıkar: dönemin ve kişiliğin söz konusu felsefeci üzerindeki etkisi mi anlatılacaktır yoksa temel problem kant'a dair felsefe kitaplarında bulamayacağımız şeyler midir? ilkini okumak her zaman için faydalıdır; ikincisi için bkz: speculative scholar
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3.0
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German philosopher, founder of “Critical Philosophy”, - a system that sought to determine the limits of human reason. His work is considered the cornerstone of modern philosophy.
Childhood and Education
Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, then the German Empire, on April 22, 1724. The son of an artisan of Scottish descent, he was the fourth of nine children; He spent much of his life on the outskirts of his hometown. From Lutheran parents, received a severe religious upbringing. At the local school, he studied Latin and classical languages.
In 1740, at the age of 16, Kant entered the University of Königsberg as a student of Theology. He was a student of the philosopher Martin Knutzen and delved into Leibniz and Christian Wolff; He also showed an interest in mathematics and physics. In 1744 he published a work on questions concerning kinetic forces.
In 1746, after his father’s death, he worked as a preceptor, which allowed him to contact with Königsberg society and gain intellectual prestige. However, even outside the university, he did not stop studying and devoted himself to publishing his first philosophical work, “Thought on the True Value of Living Forces” (1749).
In 1754, Kant returned to the university, and after completing his university studies, he has appointed a free professor. He taught Moral Philosophy, Logic and Metaphysics; he has published several works in Natural Sciences and Physics. Finally, in 1770, Immanuel Kant took up the chair of Logic and Metaphysics at the university, which he held until the end of his life.
Kant's Philosophical Thought
Distinguished Kant’s philosophical thought by three distinct periods:
In his early period, Kant was influenced by the philosophy of Leibniz and Christian Wolff and the physics of Newton, as is evident in his work: “General History of Nature and Theory of Heaven”.
In the second period, gradually, Kant allowed himself to influence English ethics and empirical philosophy, especially David Hume. According to Kant himself, he “awakened from dogmatic slumber.” He began to adopt a critical stance in the face of the close correlation between knowledge and reality. At this time, he published; “Dreams of a Visionary” (1766).
In the third period, Kant developed his own “Critical Philosophy”, which began in 1770 with his inaugural lecture as a professor of Philosophy, entitled: “On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligent World”, known as “Dissertation”. When he laid the foundations on which his philosophical work would develop.
Kant's Philosophy
The Kantian philosophical system conceives synthesis and overcoming the two great currents of philosophy: “rationalism”, which emphasized the preponderance of reason as a way of knowing reality, and “empiricism”, which gave importance to experience.
With Kant comes “Critical Rationalism” or “Criticism”: a system that seeks to determine the limits of human reason. His philosophy was synthesized in his three main works: “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Critique of Practical Reason”, and “Critique of Judgment”.
With the publication of “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781), Kant tried to ground human knowledge and set its limits. Faced with the question: “What is the true value of our knowledge?” Kant put reason in a court of law to judge what can legitimately be known and what kind of knowledge is unfounded. With this, he intended to overcome the rationalism-empiricism dichotomy.
Kant condemned the empiricists (everything we know comes from the senses), and he disagreed with the rationalists (it is wrong to think that everything we believe comes from us). Knowledge must consist of universal judgments, in the same way, that it derives from sensible experience.
To support this contradiction, Kant explains that knowledge has made up of matter and form: “The matter of our knowledge is the things themselves, and the form is ourselves”.
The Kantian philosophical system is also known as“Transcendental Idealism, “before all experience, he said: “I call all knowledge transcendental that deals not so much with objects as, in general, with our a priori concepts of an object”.
His thoughts formed the basis for the theory of knowledge as a philosophical discipline, creating a systematic work whose influence marked later philosophy.
Curiosities
Immanuel Kant led a rigidly methodical and careful life, with strict schedules for going to bed, sleeping, getting up, walking and eating.
He said that his habit of taking an afternoon and daily walk with his dog led the neighbours to set their clocks whenever he passed. The only day that Kant did not go out for his routine walk, as he was absolved by reading Emile, or On Education, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, aroused the attention and curiosity of his neighbours.
Source: https://www.ebiografia.com/immanuel_kant/
Childhood and Education
Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, then the German Empire, on April 22, 1724. The son of an artisan of Scottish descent, he was the fourth of nine children; He spent much of his life on the outskirts of his hometown. From Lutheran parents, received a severe religious upbringing. At the local school, he studied Latin and classical languages.
In 1740, at the age of 16, Kant entered the University of Königsberg as a student of Theology. He was a student of the philosopher Martin Knutzen and delved into Leibniz and Christian Wolff; He also showed an interest in mathematics and physics. In 1744 he published a work on questions concerning kinetic forces.
In 1746, after his father’s death, he worked as a preceptor, which allowed him to contact with Königsberg society and gain intellectual prestige. However, even outside the university, he did not stop studying and devoted himself to publishing his first philosophical work, “Thought on the True Value of Living Forces” (1749).
In 1754, Kant returned to the university, and after completing his university studies, he has appointed a free professor. He taught Moral Philosophy, Logic and Metaphysics; he has published several works in Natural Sciences and Physics. Finally, in 1770, Immanuel Kant took up the chair of Logic and Metaphysics at the university, which he held until the end of his life.
Kant's Philosophical Thought
Distinguished Kant’s philosophical thought by three distinct periods:
In his early period, Kant was influenced by the philosophy of Leibniz and Christian Wolff and the physics of Newton, as is evident in his work: “General History of Nature and Theory of Heaven”.
In the second period, gradually, Kant allowed himself to influence English ethics and empirical philosophy, especially David Hume. According to Kant himself, he “awakened from dogmatic slumber.” He began to adopt a critical stance in the face of the close correlation between knowledge and reality. At this time, he published; “Dreams of a Visionary” (1766).
In the third period, Kant developed his own “Critical Philosophy”, which began in 1770 with his inaugural lecture as a professor of Philosophy, entitled: “On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligent World”, known as “Dissertation”. When he laid the foundations on which his philosophical work would develop.
Kant's Philosophy
The Kantian philosophical system conceives synthesis and overcoming the two great currents of philosophy: “rationalism”, which emphasized the preponderance of reason as a way of knowing reality, and “empiricism”, which gave importance to experience.
With Kant comes “Critical Rationalism” or “Criticism”: a system that seeks to determine the limits of human reason. His philosophy was synthesized in his three main works: “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Critique of Practical Reason”, and “Critique of Judgment”.
With the publication of “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781), Kant tried to ground human knowledge and set its limits. Faced with the question: “What is the true value of our knowledge?” Kant put reason in a court of law to judge what can legitimately be known and what kind of knowledge is unfounded. With this, he intended to overcome the rationalism-empiricism dichotomy.
Kant condemned the empiricists (everything we know comes from the senses), and he disagreed with the rationalists (it is wrong to think that everything we believe comes from us). Knowledge must consist of universal judgments, in the same way, that it derives from sensible experience.
To support this contradiction, Kant explains that knowledge has made up of matter and form: “The matter of our knowledge is the things themselves, and the form is ourselves”.
The Kantian philosophical system is also known as“Transcendental Idealism, “before all experience, he said: “I call all knowledge transcendental that deals not so much with objects as, in general, with our a priori concepts of an object”.
His thoughts formed the basis for the theory of knowledge as a philosophical discipline, creating a systematic work whose influence marked later philosophy.
Curiosities
Immanuel Kant led a rigidly methodical and careful life, with strict schedules for going to bed, sleeping, getting up, walking and eating.
He said that his habit of taking an afternoon and daily walk with his dog led the neighbours to set their clocks whenever he passed. The only day that Kant did not go out for his routine walk, as he was absolved by reading Emile, or On Education, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, aroused the attention and curiosity of his neighbours.
Source: https://www.ebiografia.com/immanuel_kant/
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