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read this for English class
young goodman brown is a hypocrite and he should sit down and stfu
young goodman brown is a hypocrite and he should sit down and stfu
Psychoanalysis of Young Goodman Brown
Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne exposes the significance of the individual mind. The author provides a set of ideals that provoke the omnipresent morals that commonly occur throughout the human experience. Hawthorne argues that the unconscious being is subliminally both evil and good. Psychoanalysis suggests that each character represents the individual aspects of the virtuous and corrupt human, and each action has greater meaning behind it. According to Tyson, psychoanalytic criticism helps us understand “human beings psychological relationship to death” (35, Tyson) and help us understand why “the narrator’s unconscious problems keep asserting themselves over the course of the story” (35, Tyson).
Young Goodman Brown depicts the spiritual maturation of the protagonist, Goodman Brown, who confronts his father, his wife, and members of his town and church congregation on the witches’ Sabbath in “the heart of the dark wilderness” (7, Hawthorne), though he ultimately refuses to take communion from the devil. Symbolically, this represents the psychological journey of Young Goodman Brown grappling with his understanding of good and evil. He discovers that is father was in communion with the devil, and that his preacher and the deacons are just as evil as everyone else – including himself. His discovery that everyone he knows has evil secrets causes Brown to question his belief system: he begins to wonder if the elders he grew up trusting and believing in are all just as evil and have secretive as himself.
According to Tyson, psychoanalytic principles subconsciously “operate in human beings” (37, Tyson). In other words, this means that any description of human behavior in literature is a product of the author’s unconscious mind, which means that the work will subconsciously include psychoanalytic principles. The unconscious mind stores “painful experiences, emotions, fears, and unresolved conflicts” (12, Tyson) that threaten to psychologically overwhelm us. Furthermore, Tyson believes that psychoanalysis of literary characters suggests the representation of “the psychological experience of human beings in general” (35, Tyson). A psychoanalytic reading of Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown reveals how Browns loss of faith serves his unconscious distrust of his community.
People respond to and are comforted by the sense of security provided by the structure of religious authority. Religion helps people to discover mutual fellowship and a sense of control over their lives. Therefore, religion is used as a defense against individual feelings of helplessness and loneliness. "To some people return to religion is the answer, not as an act of faith but in order to escape an intolerable doubt; they make this decision not out of devotion but in search of security." (4, Fromm) Self-awareness, with its potential for causing emotional feelings, can be frightening and overwhelming: religion serves to alleviate such fears. Religion is a coping mechanism to help us “pretend that our life is based upon a solid foundation and ignore the shadows of uneasiness, anxiety, and confusion that never leave us” (9, Fromm). Though religion is traditionally employed to help us make sense of the world around us, distrust of faith causes Goodman Brown to ultimately reject his religion in reflection of rejecting himself, and therefore no longer understands his world, those around him, and even himself.
Defenses are methodologies developed by the brain to repress unwanted anxieties in our unconscious mind. Avoidance, displacement, and projection are devices used to prevent us from consciously recognizing and changing destructive behavior; however, when our defenses relapse, we experience anxiety which reveals core issues. Avoidance, displacement, and projection are key factors in understanding the methods of Goodman Browns psychological repression of his faith initiated by an underlying fear of betrayal.
The psychoanalysis of literary characters suggests that “they represent the psychological experience of human beings in general” (35, Tyson). Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith as a metaphor for abandoning his spiritual faith. His “errand […] needs be done ’twixt now and sunrise,” (1, Hawthorne) foreshadowing the fundamental darkness of the errand. The significance of Goodman Brown running an errand in the dark of night parallels the darkness of the errand itself. You can take the meaning behind darkness as an embodiment of evil, traditionally night symbolizes a lack of purity and insight. The night is comparative to a void of chaos and darkness to which the character is lost within. The Holy Bible begins with God’s creation of the earth. When God first begins his creation, the earth is “without form, and void; and darkness [is] upon the face of the deep” (Genesis 1:2, King James Version). God’s first act is to create light and dispel this darkness. Darkness and night therefore symbolize a world without God’s presence. In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne exploits this allusion. Night always occurs when suffering is at its worst, and its presence reflects Brown’s belief that he lives in a world without God.
He leaves his wife, he believes that she doubts him already. This proves not only that Faith does not fully trust Goodman Brown, it also indicates that Goodman Brown believes that she doesn’t trust him, which ignites his rebellion against Faith. He goes into the forest as a sin; his loss of faith by the end of the tale is caused by his unconscious desire to repress his guilt from sinning. Goodman Browns journey is symbolic of his his challenge with keeping his own faith in a world of evil.
Goodman Brown sets out on an “evil purpose” (1, Hawthorne) to meet the devil. He asks himself if the devil himself should be at his very elbow, when he sees an old man seated at the foot of a tree. This man with “his snakelike staff” (3, Hawthorne) relates to the biblical personification of the devil as a serpent. The tempter was the devil, in the shape and likeness of a “serpent [who] deceived” (Genesis 3:13, King James Version) Eve in the Garden of Eden. Hawthorne employs the biblical image of the snake in order to connect the old man with the devil.
Choosing to leave his wife faith to attend to a wicked “errand” (1, Hawthorne) is symbolic of abandoning his faith in God. Every Christian has their ups and downs in the Christian walk and this evidenced Young Goodman Brown’s errand to the forest. His past through the dark forest is a metaphor for Goodman Brown straying from the path of God. In the end, that his life is never the same, he never fully returned to his spiritual faith, or Faith his wife.
Young Goodman Brown is having a crisis of faith. He is afraid of being the first in his family to lose his faith by walking the path of the devil. The forest is synonymous with his psyche, he fears he will “be the first of name of Brown that ever took this path” (3, Hawthorne): he is afraid of being the first person to lose his faith and consort with the devil. The devil shatters Goodman Browns illusion that he is surrounded with faithful people; the devil reassures him that he is not the first to walk the path with the devil, symbolic of his lapse of faith. The devil claims to have helped his grandfather lash a Quaker woman and to have helped his father set fire to an Indian village, they were my “good friends both and many a pleasant walk we have had along this path and returned merrily after midnight” (3, Hawthorne). This proves that his forefathers have walked the same sinful path in the dark of night. This discovery challenges his belief system, and allows him to reason himself into continuing down the path of wickedness. Not only does the devil have “a considerable resemblance to” (2, Hawthorne) Brown, but he also boasts of his involvement with Brown’s grandfather and father. Brown and the devil “might have [even] been taken for father and son” (2, Hawthorne). Furthermore, the devil claims that “the Deacons of many a church have drunk a wine with me” (3, Hawthorne) confirming that his church elders are in contortion with the devil, which reinforces his distrust in them.
Emphasizing the sins of his acquaintances, Goodman Brown recognizes Goody Cloyse, “a very pious and exemplary dame” (4, Hawthorne) who “had taught him his catechism” (5, Hawthorne) borrows the devils staff on her own path to the Sabbath gathering. Brown also overhears his minister and Deacon Gookin on their own journey to the Sabbath. This disillusionment undermines the sources of social control in Browns psyche, driven by his lost faith in his forefathers and the authority figures of his community. Goodman Brown eventually distances himself emotionally from his community as a defense mechanism. Thus the sources of social control are undermined in Brown’s psyche.
These revelations convince Goodman Brown to “walk on, reasoning as we go” (3, Hawthorne). While faith is the lack of reason, reason is the lack of faith. Faith is not quantifiable; it is impossible to prove faith. Reasoning on the other hand, explains and analyzes logic. Here, Hawthorne suggests that the devils tool is reason, Gods tool is faith. “Unconsciously” (3, Hawthorne) Brown resumes his walk, continuing on his evil gloomy path in the dark forest with the devil by side. Hawthorne explicitly notes the unconsciousness of his actions which indicates his fundamental desire to continue on the journey even though he knew it was wrong.
Psychologically, the internal conflict that Brown undergoes during his journey in the woods is a projection of his unconscious. The devil’s opinions “seemed rather to spring from up in the bosom of his auditor” (5, Hawthorne) suggesting that Goodman Brown himself is his own bad influence. When “the echoes of the forest mocked him,” (7, Hawthorne) Brown is projecting his own emotional state onto the forest. As Brown ventures further into the forest it becomes clear that the things he sees and hears are a the product of his own imaginings. “[He] fancied that he could distinguish the accents of townspeople of his own,” (6, Hawthorne) but “the next moment, so indistinct were the sounds, he doubted whether he had heard” (6, Hawthorne) them, until again “came a stronger swell of those familiar tones” (7, Hawthorne). His inability to separate reality from his imagination discredits his sensibility, supporting the theory that Goodman Brown has an unstable psyche.
Ultimately Brown himself is the “chief horror of the scene” (7, Hawthorne), created by the conflict he experiences in his own subconscious mind. On the journey his forefathers and other authority figures in his life display associations with the devil. The fact that they are all also exploring the dark forest in the night proves to Goodman Brown that he is not the only one secretly attending to wicked “errands” (1, Hawthorne).
The evolutionary of the human psyche “are more clearly discernible in the dream than in consciousness” (182, Freud). Dreams communicate with images, providing expression to ideas derived in th subconscious mind. Understanding the meaning of these symbols fosters the “rediscovery of […] his own being” (182, Freud). The conclusion of the story suggests that “Goodman Brown had fallen asleep and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch meeting” (11, Hawthorne). At the climax of his journey when Brown refuses to be initiated into the “grave and dark-clad company” (8, Hawthorne), and his vision shatters. He immediately finds himself “amid calm night and solitude” (10, Hawthorne) and leaves the forest the next morning disconcerted and disconnencted from his community. Psychologically he has rejected social authority: he no longer trusts those he once believed to be pure. Brown cannot be sure whether he actually experienced his journey or simply dreamed it, but either way he will always doubt those he once trusted. Brown perceives that all of his “good Christian” (3, Hawthorne) forefathers and all authority figures as devil worshipers and hypocrites.
When he returns to his village he must decide to allow himself to trust in his Faith or allow himself to put emotional stock in his doubt. His journey down the path of wickedness has tested his Faith literally and figuratively. He believes his wife Faith was physically present with him at the Sabbath. Though he resisted the devil by shutting his eyes, because he shut his eyes he was unable to see if Faith also resisted. Brown distrusts his wife because he cannot be sure what Faith decided to do, and his distrust for the rest of his community makes it easy for him to also distrust Faith. Because his wife is a personification of his spiritual faith, the fact that he does not believe in his wife anymore suggests that he also does not believe in his spiritual faith anymore either. His choice to rebel against his community and his Faith has significant consequences for his emotional maturation. Though he achieves independence through his rebellion which allows him to establish his own individuality, it also results in emotional hardening. He becomes a stereotypical gloomy Puritan―a stereotype partly constructed by Hawthorne himself. Hawthorne’s demonization of the Puritan patriarch in “Young Goodman Brown” is just one instance in which he levies severe criticism of New
Goodman Browns loss of faith mirrors his declining mental state which is triggered by his fundamental distrust. According to Tyson, the “fear […] that our friends and loved ones cant be trusted” (16, Tyson) fuction as a defense mechanism against emotional distress caused by anxiety. Browns disillusionment results in a unmoving emotional state as the “young” Goodman Brown becomes, overnight, a stereotypical “stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not desperate man” (11, Hawthorne), without hope and devoid of faith until the end of his days because he is unable to detach his dream from his reality. After his vision, after he witnesses people he believes to be faithful exhibiting worship of the devil, Goodman Brown loses his faith in his community and in himself.
Hawthorne commonly expounds on the idea of faith and sin in his works. In The Ministers Black Veil the apparently faithful minister is perceived as concealing sin because he wears a “black veil” (107, Hawthorne) over his face. Though he is a minister sanctioned as an authorized messenger of God, Hawthorne uses the veil in the story as an image of secretive sin, which suggests that even the most religious and spiritual people we know have secrets and commit sin. Convinced that everyone is unfaithful and unworthy to be considered pure, Hawthorne’s uses stories such as The Ministers Black Veil and Young Goodman Brown to express fascination with the idea of sin while simultaneously attempting to warn against the dangers of sinning by illustrating the consequences.
Traditionally, light relates to the idea of enli
Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne exposes the significance of the individual mind. The author provides a set of ideals that provoke the omnipresent morals that commonly occur throughout the human experience. Hawthorne argues that the unconscious being is subliminally both evil and good. Psychoanalysis suggests that each character represents the individual aspects of the virtuous and corrupt human, and each action has greater meaning behind it. According to Tyson, psychoanalytic criticism helps us understand “human beings psychological relationship to death” (35, Tyson) and help us understand why “the narrator’s unconscious problems keep asserting themselves over the course of the story” (35, Tyson).
Young Goodman Brown depicts the spiritual maturation of the protagonist, Goodman Brown, who confronts his father, his wife, and members of his town and church congregation on the witches’ Sabbath in “the heart of the dark wilderness” (7, Hawthorne), though he ultimately refuses to take communion from the devil. Symbolically, this represents the psychological journey of Young Goodman Brown grappling with his understanding of good and evil. He discovers that is father was in communion with the devil, and that his preacher and the deacons are just as evil as everyone else – including himself. His discovery that everyone he knows has evil secrets causes Brown to question his belief system: he begins to wonder if the elders he grew up trusting and believing in are all just as evil and have secretive as himself.
According to Tyson, psychoanalytic principles subconsciously “operate in human beings” (37, Tyson). In other words, this means that any description of human behavior in literature is a product of the author’s unconscious mind, which means that the work will subconsciously include psychoanalytic principles. The unconscious mind stores “painful experiences, emotions, fears, and unresolved conflicts” (12, Tyson) that threaten to psychologically overwhelm us. Furthermore, Tyson believes that psychoanalysis of literary characters suggests the representation of “the psychological experience of human beings in general” (35, Tyson). A psychoanalytic reading of Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown reveals how Browns loss of faith serves his unconscious distrust of his community.
People respond to and are comforted by the sense of security provided by the structure of religious authority. Religion helps people to discover mutual fellowship and a sense of control over their lives. Therefore, religion is used as a defense against individual feelings of helplessness and loneliness. "To some people return to religion is the answer, not as an act of faith but in order to escape an intolerable doubt; they make this decision not out of devotion but in search of security." (4, Fromm) Self-awareness, with its potential for causing emotional feelings, can be frightening and overwhelming: religion serves to alleviate such fears. Religion is a coping mechanism to help us “pretend that our life is based upon a solid foundation and ignore the shadows of uneasiness, anxiety, and confusion that never leave us” (9, Fromm). Though religion is traditionally employed to help us make sense of the world around us, distrust of faith causes Goodman Brown to ultimately reject his religion in reflection of rejecting himself, and therefore no longer understands his world, those around him, and even himself.
Defenses are methodologies developed by the brain to repress unwanted anxieties in our unconscious mind. Avoidance, displacement, and projection are devices used to prevent us from consciously recognizing and changing destructive behavior; however, when our defenses relapse, we experience anxiety which reveals core issues. Avoidance, displacement, and projection are key factors in understanding the methods of Goodman Browns psychological repression of his faith initiated by an underlying fear of betrayal.
The psychoanalysis of literary characters suggests that “they represent the psychological experience of human beings in general” (35, Tyson). Goodman Brown leaves his wife Faith as a metaphor for abandoning his spiritual faith. His “errand […] needs be done ’twixt now and sunrise,” (1, Hawthorne) foreshadowing the fundamental darkness of the errand. The significance of Goodman Brown running an errand in the dark of night parallels the darkness of the errand itself. You can take the meaning behind darkness as an embodiment of evil, traditionally night symbolizes a lack of purity and insight. The night is comparative to a void of chaos and darkness to which the character is lost within. The Holy Bible begins with God’s creation of the earth. When God first begins his creation, the earth is “without form, and void; and darkness [is] upon the face of the deep” (Genesis 1:2, King James Version). God’s first act is to create light and dispel this darkness. Darkness and night therefore symbolize a world without God’s presence. In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne exploits this allusion. Night always occurs when suffering is at its worst, and its presence reflects Brown’s belief that he lives in a world without God.
He leaves his wife, he believes that she doubts him already. This proves not only that Faith does not fully trust Goodman Brown, it also indicates that Goodman Brown believes that she doesn’t trust him, which ignites his rebellion against Faith. He goes into the forest as a sin; his loss of faith by the end of the tale is caused by his unconscious desire to repress his guilt from sinning. Goodman Browns journey is symbolic of his his challenge with keeping his own faith in a world of evil.
Goodman Brown sets out on an “evil purpose” (1, Hawthorne) to meet the devil. He asks himself if the devil himself should be at his very elbow, when he sees an old man seated at the foot of a tree. This man with “his snakelike staff” (3, Hawthorne) relates to the biblical personification of the devil as a serpent. The tempter was the devil, in the shape and likeness of a “serpent [who] deceived” (Genesis 3:13, King James Version) Eve in the Garden of Eden. Hawthorne employs the biblical image of the snake in order to connect the old man with the devil.
Choosing to leave his wife faith to attend to a wicked “errand” (1, Hawthorne) is symbolic of abandoning his faith in God. Every Christian has their ups and downs in the Christian walk and this evidenced Young Goodman Brown’s errand to the forest. His past through the dark forest is a metaphor for Goodman Brown straying from the path of God. In the end, that his life is never the same, he never fully returned to his spiritual faith, or Faith his wife.
Young Goodman Brown is having a crisis of faith. He is afraid of being the first in his family to lose his faith by walking the path of the devil. The forest is synonymous with his psyche, he fears he will “be the first of name of Brown that ever took this path” (3, Hawthorne): he is afraid of being the first person to lose his faith and consort with the devil. The devil shatters Goodman Browns illusion that he is surrounded with faithful people; the devil reassures him that he is not the first to walk the path with the devil, symbolic of his lapse of faith. The devil claims to have helped his grandfather lash a Quaker woman and to have helped his father set fire to an Indian village, they were my “good friends both and many a pleasant walk we have had along this path and returned merrily after midnight” (3, Hawthorne). This proves that his forefathers have walked the same sinful path in the dark of night. This discovery challenges his belief system, and allows him to reason himself into continuing down the path of wickedness. Not only does the devil have “a considerable resemblance to” (2, Hawthorne) Brown, but he also boasts of his involvement with Brown’s grandfather and father. Brown and the devil “might have [even] been taken for father and son” (2, Hawthorne). Furthermore, the devil claims that “the Deacons of many a church have drunk a wine with me” (3, Hawthorne) confirming that his church elders are in contortion with the devil, which reinforces his distrust in them.
Emphasizing the sins of his acquaintances, Goodman Brown recognizes Goody Cloyse, “a very pious and exemplary dame” (4, Hawthorne) who “had taught him his catechism” (5, Hawthorne) borrows the devils staff on her own path to the Sabbath gathering. Brown also overhears his minister and Deacon Gookin on their own journey to the Sabbath. This disillusionment undermines the sources of social control in Browns psyche, driven by his lost faith in his forefathers and the authority figures of his community. Goodman Brown eventually distances himself emotionally from his community as a defense mechanism. Thus the sources of social control are undermined in Brown’s psyche.
These revelations convince Goodman Brown to “walk on, reasoning as we go” (3, Hawthorne). While faith is the lack of reason, reason is the lack of faith. Faith is not quantifiable; it is impossible to prove faith. Reasoning on the other hand, explains and analyzes logic. Here, Hawthorne suggests that the devils tool is reason, Gods tool is faith. “Unconsciously” (3, Hawthorne) Brown resumes his walk, continuing on his evil gloomy path in the dark forest with the devil by side. Hawthorne explicitly notes the unconsciousness of his actions which indicates his fundamental desire to continue on the journey even though he knew it was wrong.
Psychologically, the internal conflict that Brown undergoes during his journey in the woods is a projection of his unconscious. The devil’s opinions “seemed rather to spring from up in the bosom of his auditor” (5, Hawthorne) suggesting that Goodman Brown himself is his own bad influence. When “the echoes of the forest mocked him,” (7, Hawthorne) Brown is projecting his own emotional state onto the forest. As Brown ventures further into the forest it becomes clear that the things he sees and hears are a the product of his own imaginings. “[He] fancied that he could distinguish the accents of townspeople of his own,” (6, Hawthorne) but “the next moment, so indistinct were the sounds, he doubted whether he had heard” (6, Hawthorne) them, until again “came a stronger swell of those familiar tones” (7, Hawthorne). His inability to separate reality from his imagination discredits his sensibility, supporting the theory that Goodman Brown has an unstable psyche.
Ultimately Brown himself is the “chief horror of the scene” (7, Hawthorne), created by the conflict he experiences in his own subconscious mind. On the journey his forefathers and other authority figures in his life display associations with the devil. The fact that they are all also exploring the dark forest in the night proves to Goodman Brown that he is not the only one secretly attending to wicked “errands” (1, Hawthorne).
The evolutionary of the human psyche “are more clearly discernible in the dream than in consciousness” (182, Freud). Dreams communicate with images, providing expression to ideas derived in th subconscious mind. Understanding the meaning of these symbols fosters the “rediscovery of […] his own being” (182, Freud). The conclusion of the story suggests that “Goodman Brown had fallen asleep and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch meeting” (11, Hawthorne). At the climax of his journey when Brown refuses to be initiated into the “grave and dark-clad company” (8, Hawthorne), and his vision shatters. He immediately finds himself “amid calm night and solitude” (10, Hawthorne) and leaves the forest the next morning disconcerted and disconnencted from his community. Psychologically he has rejected social authority: he no longer trusts those he once believed to be pure. Brown cannot be sure whether he actually experienced his journey or simply dreamed it, but either way he will always doubt those he once trusted. Brown perceives that all of his “good Christian” (3, Hawthorne) forefathers and all authority figures as devil worshipers and hypocrites.
When he returns to his village he must decide to allow himself to trust in his Faith or allow himself to put emotional stock in his doubt. His journey down the path of wickedness has tested his Faith literally and figuratively. He believes his wife Faith was physically present with him at the Sabbath. Though he resisted the devil by shutting his eyes, because he shut his eyes he was unable to see if Faith also resisted. Brown distrusts his wife because he cannot be sure what Faith decided to do, and his distrust for the rest of his community makes it easy for him to also distrust Faith. Because his wife is a personification of his spiritual faith, the fact that he does not believe in his wife anymore suggests that he also does not believe in his spiritual faith anymore either. His choice to rebel against his community and his Faith has significant consequences for his emotional maturation. Though he achieves independence through his rebellion which allows him to establish his own individuality, it also results in emotional hardening. He becomes a stereotypical gloomy Puritan―a stereotype partly constructed by Hawthorne himself. Hawthorne’s demonization of the Puritan patriarch in “Young Goodman Brown” is just one instance in which he levies severe criticism of New
Goodman Browns loss of faith mirrors his declining mental state which is triggered by his fundamental distrust. According to Tyson, the “fear […] that our friends and loved ones cant be trusted” (16, Tyson) fuction as a defense mechanism against emotional distress caused by anxiety. Browns disillusionment results in a unmoving emotional state as the “young” Goodman Brown becomes, overnight, a stereotypical “stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not desperate man” (11, Hawthorne), without hope and devoid of faith until the end of his days because he is unable to detach his dream from his reality. After his vision, after he witnesses people he believes to be faithful exhibiting worship of the devil, Goodman Brown loses his faith in his community and in himself.
Hawthorne commonly expounds on the idea of faith and sin in his works. In The Ministers Black Veil the apparently faithful minister is perceived as concealing sin because he wears a “black veil” (107, Hawthorne) over his face. Though he is a minister sanctioned as an authorized messenger of God, Hawthorne uses the veil in the story as an image of secretive sin, which suggests that even the most religious and spiritual people we know have secrets and commit sin. Convinced that everyone is unfaithful and unworthy to be considered pure, Hawthorne’s uses stories such as The Ministers Black Veil and Young Goodman Brown to express fascination with the idea of sin while simultaneously attempting to warn against the dangers of sinning by illustrating the consequences.
Traditionally, light relates to the idea of enli
tense
medium-paced
Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne – Genuinely creepy and less long winded than the novels! Lol! Happy Reading!
challenging
dark
reflective
medium-paced
idk if this counts as a book but my 2021 reading is terrible and this was for ap Lang
dark
fast-paced
I studied this one in class and liked the undertones and allusions a lot honestly
adventurous
dark
medium-paced
Plot or Character Driven:
Plot
Strong character development:
Yes
Loveable characters:
Yes
Diverse cast of characters:
Complicated
Flaws of characters a main focus:
Yes
Why is this still recommended? I really don't need to be beaten over the head by good and evil anymore and I don't think anyone else does either.
challenging
dark